By
Tim McIndoo, Dissertation Editor
In
scholarly or research writing, evidence is presented to substantiate an
argument. To make an argument cogent requires precision. Precision means choosing
the right words and then properly assembling them into a sentence. Throughout your
paper or study, you are offering your readers characterizations, descriptions,
explanations, interpretations, and analyses. If they are inaccurate or imprecise,
you will misrepresent and perhaps fail to make your case. Here are seven common
word-choice issues, in alphabetical order.
ability /
capability
Some
words look similar and have the same root but have different meanings: ability refers to people and means a
natural skill, talent, or expertise; capability
suggests qualifications or credentials and points to a maximum. While John’s ability to read is below grade level,
his capability of succeeding in school remains good.
assist in / help
While
their meanings are the same, help is a
simple verb and takes a direct object (help something or someone). Assist
in is a verb with a preposition (in),
and the object of that preposition must imply a present-tense activity, such as
writing or studying. However, the result is often a stuffy and awkward phrase. Note
the difference between these two examples: I
will help her study for her test versus I
will assist in helping her study for her test.
believe /
believed
It’s
not always easy to accurately characterize what a source writes. For example, Johnson (2010) highlighted the difference,
pointing to the fact that…. However, it is very important to get close. If you
are unsure, try the simple verb wrote.
It cannot misrepresent the author’s words: Johnson
(2010) wrote that…. One verb to avoid is believe: (a) It implies an opinion rather than a conclusion based
on evidence or critical reasoning. (b) When used in the past tense (as required
by APA when discussing completed research), believed
could be interpreted to mean that the source no longer believes this. Here’s a
substitute: According to. Instead of Johnson (2010) believed that…. use According to Johnson (2010), ….That
said, believe/believed would be
appropriate when discussing ideas that are in dispute or known to be false: Freud believed that children pass through a
series of psychosexual stages.
could
potentially
This
pair of words constitutes a redundancy. Both signal possibility or capability. The
solution then is to use the verb could
by itself.
may, hopefully
While
it’s important not to overstate the case or be overconfident, it’s just as
important not to undermine your reader’s faith. Here are two examples from one
paragraph.
- This study will hopefully highlight the need for….
- This study may also clarify the need for….
Hopefully and may represent common expressions of
speech, but they are problematic in scholarly discourse. The designer of a
study must express greater certainty about its impact. A good substitute is It is anticipated that…. because the
phrase neither over- nor understates confidence.
purport (v.)
Sometimes
we mislearn the meaning of a word by misunderstanding the context in which it
was used. Purport does not mean argue or claim. In fact, it means “to have or present the often false appearance [emphasis added] of
being or intending; selfish behavior that purports to be altruistic.” See the full quote here: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/purport
thus / therefore
While
sometimes these two words seem similar in meaning, they are not. Thus refers to how and means “in a given
manner” or “given that (conditions)”; therefore
refers to why and implies cause and effect. Sometimes thus is used where therefore
is required; sometimes therefore is
used when no cause and effect has been presented and thus is the right choice. Here are two examples.
- This thing is a balloon, and thus is made of rubber and inflates when you blow into it.
- This thing inflates when you blow into it and is made of rubber; therefore, it is a balloon. (Monk, on thus, therefore and hence are different [Web blog comment], 2 August 2012, http://painintheenglish.com/case/4452/#comment-21745)
If
you have any doubt about a word or phrase, take a minute to look it up. The APA
dictionary of choice is Merriam-Webster. To
check on the proper use of a phrase, try putting quotation marks around it and
then searching for it on Google.
The differences in meaning of the words "Thus and Therefore" was very benifical since I use these words repeatedly.
ReplyDeleteYes, those words are tricky. Glad we could help out!
DeleteThanks a lot. It is good to refresh our memory from time to time
DeleteYou're welcome! Thanks for reading!
Deletei would like to know more about as well as/as well
ReplyDeletethanks
Hi, Ahmed! “As well as” can be a conjunction (a joining word or phrase) that means "and in addition". For example: She is a strong writer as well as a skilled public speaker. The phrase can also be a preposition meaning "in addition to" or "besides", like in this example: The manager, as well as the interns, attended the meeting.
DeleteYou can use “as well as” to join two items (like “strong writer” and “skilled public speaker”), but you should use “and” when joining three or more items in a list. For example, you would write “She is a strong writer, a skilled public speaker, and a good listener” instead of “She is a strong writer, a skilled public speaker, as well as a good listener.”
“As well” is usually used as you would use “also”--here is an example:
I am preparing for a nursing exam. I am studying for an anatomy test, as well.
If you joined these two sentences, you would write the following: I am preparing for a nursing exam as well as for an anatomy test.
Check out this Grammarly resource for tips on using commas with “as well as”: http://www.grammarly.com/handbook/punctuation/comma/37/as-well-as-comma
I hope this helps!
As an English learner from China, hardly can I tell 'thus' from 'therefore' even though I have read your instruction for many times. My dictionary says that 'thus' is more formal than 'so', suggesting that 'thus' means 'as a result of something. In the meantime, my dictionary says that 'therefore' means 'as a result of something that has just been mentioned'. It seems that 'thus' equals to 'therefore' from this point of view. Can you help me out?
ReplyDeleteThe separation of these words is tricky. I recommend that students use "therefore" for showing conclusions or results. For example: Running is healthy. Running is free. Therefore, running is an accessible form of exercise for most people.
DeleteFor most of your writing situations, "therefore" should work for showing results and conclusions.
Save the word "thus" for when you are talking about HOW something is done. You will likely use it less often. For example: When you work on this puzzle, place pieces like thus. OR: We haven't had any technology problems thus far.
The places where there may be overlap are when something refers to both HOW and a conclusion. For example: She worked on her paper every day, thus it was easy for her to pass. This sentence tells us how she passed (she worked every day). But we could also say: She worked on her paper every day, therefore it was easy for her to pass. This sentence tells us a conclusion or result (she worked hard every day --> she passed).
To keep it simple, try to always use "therefore" when talking about results and conclusions. Thanks for asking!